An invaluable resource on the topic of same-gender attraction, this unique volume includes six plenary chapters features notable authors and gospel scholars: Brad Wilcox, M. Catherine Thomas, Camille Fronk Olson, Wendy Ulrich, Robert L. Millet, and Michael Goodman.

In addition, each chapter includes personal essays or first-person stories of faith and commitment from Latter-day Saints who have dealt with same-gender attraction.

Ty Mansfield says, "If you personally experience same-gender attraction, I hope the Spirit will impress upon you the depth of God's love for you, that you will know you belong in His church and kingdom, and that you will know there are many who walk this journey of faith with you."

Contents
Introduction: "A Seal of Living Reality" Ty Mansfield
1. Seeing the Big Picture Brad Wilcox
   "Arise, and Walk" Robbie Pierce
   Becoming Sarrah Reynolds
   The Gift of Hope Kirk Reidman
   A Mighty Change of Heart Rich Wyler
2. A Gift of Love: Perspectives for Parents M. Catherine Thomas
   "Trust in the Lord" Tony Clarke
   "As I Have Loved You" Antoinette Cocco
   Love Is Always the Answer Kathleen Marsden
3. "Come Unto Me": Exploring the Heart of Christian Discipleship Wendy Ulrich
   Learning the True Gospel: The Transforming Power of the Atonement T.S. Richards
   Being My True Self Tyler Moore
   "This Will Be for Your Growth": A Wife's Journey to Self-Discovery and Healing Rhonda Moses
   A Sacred Gift Blake Smith
4. A Church for All, a Gospel of Inclusion Camille Fronk Olson
   Finding My Home in the Faith of My Fathers Steven Frei
   A Christ-Centered Gender Identity John Alden
   "They Will Be Done": Living with HIV/AIDS in Faith and Brotherhood Kenneth Hoover
5. Feeding the Flock of God: The Vital Role of Sensitive and Loving Priesthood Leaders Robert L. Millet
   My Shepherd Will Supply My Need Shawn McKinnon
   My Journey as a Priesthood Leader Jerry Harris
   The Atonement Can Fix That Too! Kevin Lindley
6. Eternal Marriage: Principles, Possibilities, and Promises Michael Goodman
   An Unlikely Gift Jason G. Lockhart
   For Time and All Eternity Katharine Matis Adams
   Resolution: The Unexpected Miracle Jeff Bennion
   Creating a Whole Marriage Tanya Bennion
Epilogue
Notes
Sources
Resources Specific to Same-Gender Attraction
Contributors
Index

As I have had the opportunity to serve in various Church leadership positions, it has been my responsibility and privilege to interview many people. In those private, confidential moments, sensitive issues are often discussed and personal questions often asked. Of all the questions, one of the most difficult to answer is “Am I gay?” It comes from those who are worried or struggling. It sometimes is not even verbalized. Instead, the question is seen behind insecure and frightened eyes. The question has come from young and old, married and unmarried, male and female, active and inactive Latter-day Saints.

I once heard the question from a young woman who was concerned that she was getting older and was still unmarried. She felt rejected and overlooked by men. The few dates she had were not positive experiences. When she began realizing that she felt closer to her female roommates than she did to any of the men in her ward, she began to wonder about sexual orientation.

Another time the question came from a young man who had been involved with some sexual experimentation with other boys in his neighborhood at sleepovers when they were deacons. Years later the experiences haunted him and made him question his sexuality.

Another young man asked me the question after his mission. Despite all the warnings of priesthood leaders, he had become involved with pornography and found himself curious about viewing men as well as women. As he compared his body to those in the pictures, he began to wonder if such comparisons were normal.

Similarly, one boy felt much guilt as he sized up other boys in the locker room. Even something as simple as a “shirts” vs. “skins” basketball game at church left him feeling great shame because he felt that he shouldn’t be noticing the physiques of the other boys, and yet he was.

The question came from a young man who had been sexually molested by an older male. His parents told him the abuse was not his fault, and he accepted that. Still, deep in his heart he carried unspoken fears about his sexuality because when he had been touched, his body had responded. Since he didn’t stop the man quickly, this young man still felt that he was partly to blame.

I was asked the question from a young man who had always felt rejected by other males. He had a sensitive nature, a tender heart, and many artistic talents that sometimes made him a target for teasing. A popular boy his own age finally offered the acceptance and friendship for which he had longed but also introduced him to homosexual practices. Soon the young man felt trapped into trading sexual favors for continued association with the popular boy.

The question came from a man who had absolutely no history of molestation, abuse, pornography, or sexual experimentation. He came from a strong and happy family. He said, “Whatever factors have led to the development of these feelings and attractions have been so subtle that it is difficult to put my finger on any one thing. Perhaps it had to do with attachment issues or my own self-concept, but my earliest attractions were always toward other boys, and I worry how they might affect my ability to develop a healthy and meaningful relationship with a woman.”

Others may have similar stories but hesitate to ever voice their private concerns for fear of how they might be viewed or labeled. They simply bottle up the past and refuse to address it. Shared or not, the question “Am I gay?” is difficult to answer because gay has come to mean so many different things to people in our society.

Some of us still remember when the word gay meant happy. We sang songs in elementary school that used the word. Now the same songs can’t be sung without snickers from even the youngest children. Parents used to name their children Gaye or Gaylan, never dreaming that such names would be problematic.

Today gay refers to homosexuals, but even that definition is unclear and misunderstood. Are we talking about homo-emotional needs common to everyone, or are we talking about homosexual tendencies felt by some and not others? Are those tendencies due to natural curiosity and early sexual experimentation, or do homosexual temptations increase as a consequence of prolonged interactions with those who have chosen that lifestyle? When we speak of homosexuals, are we talking about a unique gender or a sexual preference that develops over time due to a variety of factors? Does the word gay refer to a person, an act, an instinct, or a feeling? For every question there are many answers representing multiple viewpoints. Such confusion often leads to bitter arguments in which people on all sides of the issue can easily feel misunderstood, hurt, or offended.

I don’t pretend to have answers to such complex issues. However, when people have asked me, “Am I gay?” some have felt relieved to learn that homo-emotional needs are real and acceptable. The word intimacy is often associated with sexual acts, but it doesn’t need to be. Nonsexual intimacy is essential to our growth and development at all ages of our lives. We all need to love and be loved by both women and men. Meeting that need in healthy ways is one of the foundations of happiness as well as mental and emotional wellness. Often the feelings and attractions we have toward others are evidence of a deep need within us. Once recognized, it is up to us to fill that need in ways that are in harmony with God’s plan for our lives and relationships. Similarly, hunger lets your body know of a need for food, but we must choose to meet that need with a healthy and nutritious diet rather than with potato chips or french fries.

Often I have explained that sexual experimentation at young ages, though not condoned or encouraged, is a phase through which many children and teenagers pass. “Playing doctor” with those of the same or opposite gender is considered quite normal and does not need to be a source of guilt and self-doubt.

Many young people have felt relieved when they learn that natural curiosity about the human body is not limited to the opposite sex. The human body can be considered beautiful and appealing to the senses no matter the gender. Taking notice of someone else’s body during a sporting event or in the locker room does not indicate a fixed sexual orientation. Even when such notice involves an emotional charge, a physiological response, or even sexual arousal, such responses are quite normal—especially in the young and inexperienced. Perhaps more hurtful in the long run than the curiosity is the shame that young people feel because no one has ever explained that their feelings can often be chalked up to normal adolescent development. It is the shame associated with such feelings that gives rise to fears and anxiety that can affect future choices.

Some who have been molested and who understand that they were without fault still experience needless guilt about “feeling good” during the experience. Within marriage, sexual experiences are supposed to feel good. Imitating those experiences outside of marriage is wrong, but our bodies will respond whether they are touched by a spouse, a friend, or a stranger. Those who have been molested should not feel guilty or responsible for having normal, healthy bodies that respond naturally. In the same situation, anyone’s body would have responded the exact same way.

Others feel guilty because of sexual explorations well beyond childhood. Again, while such behavior is not condoned, it is understandable. When curiosity is mixed with normal hormones, it can lead to explorations. Our bodies are ready for sexual experiences long before our minds, hearts, and spirits are mature enough to handle them correctly. When such explorations occur with those of the same gender, do such behaviors qualify as gay or indicate a permanent lifestyle? Couldn’t we just as easily attribute such behavior to youth and immaturity and feeling more comfortable with those of the same gender? Such moments do not need to define, limit, or bind us. Such transgressions can be repented of and do not need to affect future choices.

One woman felt confused when she read an article in which the author described homosexuality as a genetic variation. I responded that even if some people may be born with genetic or temperamental factors that predispose them toward homosexual feelings, those factors don’t remove their agency or responsibility to make appropriate choices. Similar articles report genetic variations that are believed to make certain people more likely to overeat or have lower metabolisms. Such a situation may explain certain tendencies or behaviors, but it doesn’t excuse them. In any facet of life, certain healthy choices may be harder to make for some than others, but they are important for all of us. Those who make them never regret it. Those who don’t almost always wish they had.

“Am I gay?” When I am asked that question I no longer attempt to determine what that word may or may not mean to that particular person. Instead, I usually respond by saying, “You are a child of God.” The questioners sometimes feel that I am avoiding the issue, but that is not the case. I am simply trying to lift their vision beyond society-shaped words and conflicting definitions to see a broader picture. Seeking an eternal perspective will allow us to understand God’s ultimate desire for us, the Savior’s redeeming role, and the perfect and infinite love of the Father and the Son.

God’s Desire for Us

In Genesis we read, “God created man in his own image” (Genesis 1:27). An entirely new perspective awaits those who see God’s own image as the eventual end as well as the beginning. Christ prayed that we might be one with Him as He is with the Father (see John 17:11; 21–22). That heartfelt desire went way beyond a plea for unity. He was speaking about sameness.

Christian writer John Stott wrote, “We are not interested in skin-deep holiness, in a merely external resemblance to Jesus Christ. We are not satisfied by a superficial modification of behavior patterns in conformity to some . . . sub-culture which expects this, commands that and prohibits the other. No, what we long for is a deep inward change of character, resulting from a change of nature and leading to a radical change of conduct. In a word we want to be like Christ and that thoroughly, profoundly, entirely. Nothing less than this will do.”1

Sincere Latter-day Saints not only share this desire but also know how it can become a reality. We know what Jesus has asked of us in order to make such a transformation possible. From childhood we learn of faith, which includes repentance and making and keeping covenants. We demonstrate faith by receiving from those having authority essential ordinances and the gift of the Holy Ghost to guide and sanctify as we endure to the end.

God gives these requirements—not in an effort to control us but rather to transform us. His expectations are not about punishment or payment but rather about practicing living as He lives. Some say God’s goal is to bring us safely home, but that sentiment does not express His complete desire. Not only does He want us home, but He also wants us to be able to feel at home. If simply being in God’s presence is the ultimate goal, why did we ever leave in the first place? In the premortal existence we were already with God, but we were also painfully aware that we were not like Him physically or spiritually. We wanted to be like our heavenly parents and knew it was going to take a lot more than just dressing up in their clothes the way little children do. We needed to fill their shoes and not just clomp around in them. The ultimate goal is not just being with God but being like God.

This perspective changes how we view difficulties. It allows us to see them as opportunities for refining and soul-expanding growth rather than simply as challenges to be dealt with or crosses to be carried. This perspective allows us to see the Fall and all its consequences as a blessing instead of a curse and mortality itself—as difficult as it can be—as an ideal learning environment rather than a tragic mistake. We can see God’s commandments as positives instead of negatives, freedom instead of bondage.

Members of many religions have rules. The knowledge that sets Latter-day Saints apart is the reason for the rules. The Restoration was not a restoration of rules. The Ten Commandments and the Sermon on the Mount had survived the long night of apostasy. What the world had lost sight of was why God gave rules in the first place. In Alma 12:32 we read, “Therefore God gave unto them commandments, after having made known unto them the plan of redemption” (emphasis added).

Commandments without the perspective of the plan of salvation can easily be seen as hollow and meaningless ends in and of themselves. When we know God’s ultimate desires for us, living the commandments becomes the means to an end more glorious than we can hardly imagine. “Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared for them that love him” (1 Corinthians 2:9).

Both Christ and Satan desire us to become as they are, and each choice we make takes us in one direction or the other. When someone asks, “Am I gay?” perhaps the response should be, “How do you want to live your life?” We can make choices that will help us feel the guiding and sanctifying power of the Spirit in our lives, or we can distance ourselves from it. We can keep striving to be like Christ and Heavenly Father, who don’t want us to trade eternity for an instant, or like Satan, who wants us to focus only on the here and now. Satan thinks nothing of asking us to exchange all we have and might become for what is, in the eternal perspective, a few fleeting moments of mortality. Christ, on the other hand, gave all that He had so that those fleeting moments could educate and enrich us rather than condemn us. He opened the door for all of us to reach our potential.

The Savior’s Redeeming Role

Still, some days that potential seems like an impossible dream. We see where we are now and how far we have to go, and we feel that there is just no way it could ever really happen. At these low moments some people give up and turn away from the Savior. It seems easier to try to justify and rationalize poor choices instead of humbly trusting Christ’s enabling power—not just to save but also to redeem (see Romans 8:12–13). If saving were all we needed, Satan’s plan could have worked. He offered to get us back safely. It is the redeeming we would have missed—the possibility of having Christ’s image in our countenance.

Most of my life I have thought saving and redeeming were synonymous because that is how they are most often used. However, the second question in the temple recommend interview is, “Do you have a testimony of the Atonement of Christ and His role as Savior and Redeemer?” The words describe two separate roles, and having a testimony of both is essential. By definition, a redeemer is one who buys or wins back, one who frees us from captivity or debt by the payment of ransom, one who returns or restores us to our original position. However, there is an additional dictionary definition we must not overlook: A redeemer is one who changes us for the better.

Once, after a lesson about how Jesus had suffered for all of us, a young man said, “I never asked Jesus to do that for me. If anyone has to suffer for my sins, I will do it for myself.” This young man was ignorant of the amount and degree of suffering we are talking about. In a revelation to the Prophet Joseph Smith, the Lord said that His “suffering caused myself, even God, the greatest of all, to tremble because of pain, and to bleed at every pore, and to suffer both body and spirit” (D&C 19:18).

But along with not understanding the extent of the suffering, this boy was also ignorant of just what suffering can and cannot do. Doctrine and Covenants 19:17 makes it clear that those who do not repent and accept Jesus’ Atonement “must suffer even as” He did. So will that teenager be able to suffer for his own sins and then waltz into the celestial kingdom and live with God and his family eternally? Will he be beaten “with a few stripes, and at last . . . be saved in the kingdom of God”? (2 Nephi 28:8). No. The Book of Mormon makes it clear that such an idea is false, vain, and foolish (see 2 Nephi 28:9). While he can meet the demands of justice by suffering for his own sins, such suffering will not transform him in the same way Christ’s redemptive power can. Just as a criminal can pay his debt to justice by doing time in prison and walk out no different, suffering alone does not guarantee change. Real change can only come through Jesus. We must accept Christ, not because it will save us some pain down the road but because it is the only way we can become new creatures (see 2 Corinthians 5:17; Mosiah 3:19).

The name Emmanuel means “God with us” (Matthew 1:23). Is there a better definition of grace than that? God is not waiting at the finish line. He is not waiting for us to do “all we can do” by ourselves before He helps us (see 2 Nephi 25:23). Rather, He is “with us”—ready, willing, and able to help us every step of the way.2 In redeeming us, Christ does not just make up the difference. He makes all the difference.

The Atonement of Jesus Christ does not just provide a way to clean up messes; it provides the purpose and power to avoid making more messes. The Atonement allows us not just to ignore our appetites and pretend they don’t exist but also to educate and elevate them. The Atonement can transform—not in a narrow way from gay to straight but in an all-encompassing way from human to divine. Such a transformation is a process that began long ago. Here on earth we continue the process, which includes many trials, but we don’t face them alone. Christ suffered alone so that we would never have to. With God’s help, our burdens can be made light (see Matthew 11:30; Mosiah 24:21).

One young man who had struggled with same-sex attraction in the past wrote, “In my self-loathing, I thought, When I am over this and have conquered it, then I will accept the Atonement and put it all behind me. How could I possibly deserve the Atonement in the current state I’m in?” This type of thinking is devastating. He wanted to overcome his struggles on his own so that he could then be “worthy” to turn to Jesus, but it just never worked. He wanted to be strong and independent and take care of himself. He wrote, “The problem was that I thought I knew more about myself than the Lord does, and that is painfully far from the truth.”

Their Perfect Love

God’s great desires for us would be impossible dreams without the Savior’s Atonement. In the same way, the transforming power of the Atonement would be incomplete if it were not available continually. So what keeps us going day after day when we know that transformation and sanctification will take a lifetime and beyond? The only answer is the love we feel for God and Jesus and the perfect love they feel for us.

“But that’s the problem,” one friend said. “How could they love me when I have done so many things wrong? How could they love me when I have said, ‘I will never do it again’ and then I still do it? How could they love me when I have made covenants and broken them?”

My friend forgets that the love of God and Christ is not like a good grade to be given to those who earn it. They love us—not because we are always good but because they are. It is part of their character. They love those they serve and succor, and they serve and succor each of us without ceasing. Their love is not limited to here and now. There is no veil over their memories. They remember our sweet associations in the premortal existence. They know who we were then as well as who we are now.

A mother of a convicted criminal was asked how she could love her son when he was guilty of such serious crimes. She responded, “I don’t love what he has done in recent years any more than you do, but I have known him longer than you have. You see only a criminal. I see a little boy who used to bring me flowers and offer to help me wash the dishes.”

In the classic tale Beauty and the Beast, the townspeople desire to kill the beast because they don’t know him the way Beauty does. They feel threatened, and in their fear they make a quick judgment based only on appearances. Beauty knows differently. She has spent time with the Beast and knows his heart. She can see goodness that the townspeople can’t because she has known him longer.

It is the same with God. While we only see our current beastly selves, God sees our eternal beauty. While those around us may make quick judgments and harsh condemnations, God and Jesus know us better. We are loved perfectly because we are known perfectly.

The Big Picture

No one can overestimate the power of eternal perspective. True faith, according to Joseph Smith, is not just believing in the Supreme Being. It is knowing His attributes and our relationship to Him. It is knowing His plan for us and that we are living our lives in accordance with that plan. That kind of vision changes us forever.3

On the day of Pentecost, the outpouring of the Spirit, combined with an encounter with the resurrected Lord (see Acts 2), transformed a group of insecure disciples into fearless and confident witnesses of truth, who in turn changed the world.

This is precisely the vision God wanted to share with the early Saints in this dispensation when He commanded them to complete the Nauvoo temple even as they were being forced to abandon it. In the temple, God could lift their gaze away from current struggles and persecutions and give them a broader perspective. In the temple, God could remind them that, as sore as their trials were and would yet be, His plan for them was far greater than anything they had imagined and that they were greater than they realized.

Suddenly, mobs and persecutions, injustice and pain, wagons and oxen were all put into proper perspective—an eternal perspective. This vision didn’t just provide a temporary shot in the arm but rather a long-term motivation that allowed those early Saints to endure with hope, patience, and strength.

The same vision calls to us today. If we can step away from the confusing voices and contradicting viewpoints of the world long enough to seek God, who sees the entire view, we will be able to endure as well. Seeing the big picture will give us the perspective we need to deal positively with all temptations, sins, mistakes, and challenges (see Alma 37:33).

A national journalist once reported that despite the success and good works of the Mormon Church, it was a terrible environment for women, blacks, and gays. The statement troubled me deeply. I know many women, blacks, and people who have experienced same-sex attraction who would strongly disagree with the journalist’s words. They know that The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints offers them blessings they could never find elsewhere and a perspective large enough to allow them to disregard the world’s labels, stereotypes, and unsupported generalizations. Only in the Church do we learn true doctrine about what God desires for us and about the redeeming role of Christ. It is the only place where the perfect love of God and Jesus can be felt—not momentarily but continually through the covenant relationships we have with them.

The Church is not about drawing a line to exclude certain people but instead about drawing a circle to include all people. It is not about fitting a mold but instead about being molded. For those who have eyes to see, the Church of Jesus Christ is not just a good place for women, blacks, and gays; it is the only place for everyone who truly accepts Christ’s invitation: “And he inviteth . . . all to come unto him and partake of his goodness; and he denieth none that come unto him, black and white, bond and free, male and female; . . . and all are alike unto God” (2 Nephi 26:33).

One Man’s Story

One man who had struggled with homosexual temptations in the past shared how keeping a long-term perspective helped him make better choices. He wrote:

“In high school, I listened closely to the world around me and heard the word gay being thrown around. Like every teenager, I was trying to figure out who I was. When I looked at the people who were being labeled as gay, I identified with many of their qualities. I decided that if the shoe fit I might as well wear it. I adopted the label and distanced myself from the Church and my family. In my mind it seemed easier to accept a culture that approved of what I was doing than a Church that didn’t.

“But as time went on I realized that what is easy is not always best. I look back on that time in my life and realize I was shortsighted. It was like I was taking a shortcut to finding out who I was. I found a shoe that came pretty close to fitting, so I tugged and pulled and did whatever I had to in order to make it fit. In retrospect, it didn’t fit. I see now that I jumped to the gay conclusion quickly and erroneously. It felt good to know there were others out there who were similar to me, so I gravitated toward these men because I didn’t want to be alone. They were accepting, but their acceptance involved lustful moments of immediate gratification that left me feeling more alone than ever.

“If what I was doing was really ‘me’ and as ‘natural’ as everyone kept telling me, why was I so unhappy? If the shoe really fit, why was I left with such painful blisters? I started rebuilding my relationship with my parents and returned to church.

“My friends told me it would be impossible to reconcile my ‘gayness’ with the teachings of the Mormon Church. I told them there was indeed a way to reconcile the two, and it was called repentance. With the help of my bishop and others, I began the healing process available only through the Atonement of Jesus Christ. It has taken a long time, but I have found that the only shoe that fits perfectly is truth. When I accept the truth, then my choice is confirmed by the Holy Ghost and I feel peace, comfort, and joy—not just when I live that truth perfectly but as I plod along toward that goal.”

One Leader’s Journey

One bishop experienced great changes in his attempts to help others as he began to see a bigger picture. He admitted that he didn’t even know what to say the first time a man spoke with him about same-sex attraction and homosexual experiences. The first words that came to his mind were, “Well, just stop feeling that way. Stop doing those things”—as if those solutions had never occurred to the struggling member. The bishop said, “I was glad I held my tongue. If it were that easy to change feelings and behavior, this member would not have been sitting in my office pleading for help.” Instead of reprimanding or criticizing, the bishop told the member, “I don’t know a lot about these issues, but I want to learn. You will have to help me just as I will try to help you. One thing I know for sure is that Jesus Christ is the solution to every problem. I’m glad you are in the Church, glad you are in my office, and glad that you are trying to draw closer to Him.”

In the weeks that followed, the bishop did quite a bit of reading on the topic. He spoke with friends who were professional counselors and with others who had experienced same-sex attraction but had found peace and resolution in their efforts to live the gospel. These experiences helped the bishop see that homosexual thoughts, feelings, and behavior can often serve as a window through which to address other deep, important issues.

Comparing same-sex attraction to a tree, one friend encouraged the bishop to deal with the roots and not just the leaves. The bishop said, “I learned to stop focusing so much on changing the member’s behavior and to focus more on the member himself. In our times together, we didn’t speak about his past mistakes as much as we spoke about his feelings of not belonging, his shame, his loneliness, the perceived judgments of others, and his goals for the future.”

Slowly, the bishop’s perspective expanded. At first he wanted only behavioral compliance; he wanted the struggling member to live up to Church standards. Now he wanted this member to feel wanted and valued in the Church. He wanted him to feel truly needed, not just welcome. The bishop explained, “I made a conscious effort to recognize and cultivate the good and the positive qualities in this man rather than just focusing on what I perceived to be negative and broken. As I did, I saw how much he had to offer others in our LDS community. Of course, the man’s behavior mattered. The very fact that he was willing to speak to me in the first place was evidence that he wanted desperately to find peace in living the gospel. But I wouldn’t have been helping him by making him feel devalued, shamed, and even disposable.”

Over time, both the bishop and the member began to feel a powerful sense of mission. They saw not only the big picture but also that they both had vital parts to play in it.

My Expanded Answer

Perhaps the next time I am asked, “Am I gay?” I will not stop with saying, “You are a child of God.” Instead, I will say, “No matter your past, your current difficulties, or your fears about the future, you are a child of God with the potential to become as He is. You have a Redeemer who makes that statement believable and possible. You have an important role to play in His kingdom, and you have all the love you will ever need to keep going.”

Notes

^1. Stott, Life in Christ, 109.

^2. See also Hafen, Spiritually Anchored in Unsettled Times, 32–33.

^3. See Smith, Lectures on Faith, 38–44.